Overview of human hormones type

Hormones Types an Overview

Hormones types and their functions, what tissues they target and what receptors they have, all these we will discuss in this article. Hormones are active chemicals that control different functions in our body. Hormones decide which shape and health status our body should take. There are more than 50 hormone types in human body that are identified by scientists. In order to get the body shape that we prefer, we need to focus on some hormones more than other. For example a transgender who goes through female hormone therapy prefers to look like a women. Therefore he focuses on estrogen and progesterone. While a bodybuilder who tries to focus on building muscles should focusing on sex hormones and peptide hormones. However, hormones carrying messages through your blood to your organs, bones, skin, muscles and other tissues to determine the shape and functions. These signals tell your body what to do and when to do it.

Hormones are released by our glands to create our endocrine system which control many different body processes, including: anabolism and catabolism (metabolism) besides, control blood pressure and blood sugar. Usually, body strive after regulation which called (Homeostasis which means constant internal balance). Hormones are also responsible for growth and development of organs, sexual function, water and electrolyte balance, body temperature, reproduction, mood, hunger, energy, sleep-wake cycle, hair and skin quality. The most important question is how we can control the hormones in our body to archive the optimal function. First we must focus on diet and environment. Then the psychological impact.

Hormones types

The hormones types can be divided into steroid hormones such as adrenal hormones (corticoids) and sex hormones which is for male androgens E.g., Testosterone and for female oestrogens and progesterone. Recently Vitamin D3 identified as steroid hormones. There are also peptide hormones such as insulin and glucagon, thyroidal hormone and Prostaglandins. Here down is the table for hormones types listing. In the next articles we will discuss hormones that are related to the muscles growth. Subscribe for free to get our newsletter to your mail address.

Quick listing link to the hormones types

Name.

Type

Tissue

Effect

Adrenaline

(or epinephrine)

Amino acid derivative

adrenal gland

blood pressureglycogenolysislipolysis, etc.

Melatonin

Amino acid derivative

pineal gland

sleep–wake cycle

Noradrenaline

(or norepinephrine)

Amino acid derivative

adrenal gland

blood pressureglycogenolysislipolysis, etc.

Triiodothyronine

Amino acid derivative

peripheral tissue of thyroid gland

increased metabolism

Thyroxine

Amino acid derivative

thyroid gland

similar effect as T3 but much weaker; converted to T3 in target cells

Dopamine

Amino acid derivative

substantia nigra (mainly)

regulation of cellular cAMP levels, prolactin antagonist

Prostaglandins

Eicosanoid

All nucleated cells

vasodilation

Leukotrienes

Eicosanoid

Blood

increase vascular permeability

Prostacyclin

Eicosanoid

 

vasodilationplatelet activation inhibitor

Thromboxane

Eicosanoid

Blood

vasoconstrictionPlatelet Aggregation

Amylin

(or Islet Amyloid Polypeptide)

Peptide

pancreas

slowing down gastric emptying, inhibition of digestive secretion, in order to reduce food intake

Anti-Müllerian hormone

(or Müllerian-inhibiting factor/hormone)

Peptide

testes

Inhibit release of prolactin and TRH from anterior pituitary

Adiponectin

Peptide

adipose tissue

regulating glucose levels

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

(or corticotropin)

Peptide

anterior pituitary

synthesis of corticosteroids (glucocorticoids and androgens) in adrenocortical cells

Angiotensinogen and

Angiotensin

Peptide

liver

vasoconstriction

release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex dipsogen.

Antidiuretic hormone

(or vasopressin, arginine vasopressin)

Peptide

posterior pituitary

retention of water in kidneys
moderate vasoconstriction
Release ACTH in anterior pituitary

Atrial natriuretic peptide

(or atriopeptin)

Peptide

heart

increase sodium and GFR excretion, antagonize venal constriction, inhibit renin secretion

Brain natriuretic peptide

Peptide

heart[dubious – discuss]

(To a minor degree than ANP) reduce blood pressure by:

reducing systemic vascular resistance, reducing blood water, sodium and fats

Calcitonin

Peptide

thyroid gland

Construct bone, reduce blood Ca2+

Cholecystokinin

Peptide

duodenum

Release of digestive enzymes from pancreas
Release of bile from gallbladder
Hunger suppressant

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

Peptide

hypothalamus

Release ACTH from anterior pituitary

Cortistatin

Peptide

cerebral cortex

depression of neuronal activity; induction of slow-wave sleep; reduction of locomotor activity; activation of cation selective currents not responsive to somatostatin

Enkephalin

Peptide

Kidney

Regulate pain

Endothelin

Peptide

Vascular endothelium

Smooth muscle contraction of medium-sized vessels

Erythropoietin

Peptide

kidney

Stimulate erythrocyte production

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Peptide

anterior pituitary

In female: stimulates maturation of Graafian follicles in ovary.

In male: spermatogenesis, enhances production of androgen-binding protein by the Sertoli cells of the testes

Galanin

Peptide

central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract

modulation and inhibition of action potentials in neurons

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide

Peptide

mucosa of the duodenum and the jejunum

Induces insulin secretion

Gastrin

Peptide

stomachduodenum

Secretion of gastric acid by parietal cells

Ghrelin

Peptide

stomach

Stimulate appetite,

secretion of growth hormone from anterior pituitary gland

Glucagon

Peptide

pancreas

glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver

increases blood glucose level

Glucagon-like peptide-1

Peptide

ileum

Stimulates the adenylyl cyclase pathway, resulting in increased synthesis and release of insulin

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Peptide

hypothalamus

Release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary.

Growth hormone -releasing hormone

Peptide

hypothalamus

Release GH from anterior pituitary

Hepcidin

Peptide

liver

inhibits iron export from cells

Human chorionic gonadotropin

Peptide

placenta

promote maintenance of corpus luteum during beginning of pregnancy

Inhibit immune response, towards the human embryo.

Human placental lactogen

Peptide

placenta

increase production of insulin and IGF-1

increase insulin resistance and carbohydrate intolerance

Growth hormone

Peptide

anterior pituitary

stimulates growth and cell reproduction

Release Insulin-like growth factor 1 from liver

Inhibin

Peptide

testesovaryfetus

Inhibit production of FSH

Insulin

Peptide

pancreas

Intake of glucoseglycogenesis and glycolysis in liver and muscle from blood

intake of lipids and synthesis of triglycerides in adipocytes Other anabolic effects

Insulin-like growth factor

(or somatomedin)

Peptide

liver

insulin-like effects

regulate cell growth and development

Leptin

Peptide

adipose tissue

decrease of appetite and increase of metabolism.

Lipotropin

Peptide

anterior pituitary

lipolysis and steroidogenesis,
stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin

Luteinizing hormone

Peptide

anterior pituitary

In female: ovulation

In male: stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone

Melanocyte stimulating hormone

Peptide

anterior pituitary/pars intermedia

melanogenesis by melanocytes in skin and hair

Motilin

Peptide

Small intestine

stimulates gastric activity

Orexin

Peptide

hypothalamus

wakefulness and increased energy expenditure, increased appetite

Osteocalcin

Peptide

Skeleton

Favors muscle function, memory formation, testosterone synthesis and energy expenditure[1]

Oxytocin

(or pitocin)

Peptide

posterior pituitary

release breast milk

Stimulates contraction of cervix and vagina. Involved in orgasm, trust between people,[2] and circadian homeostasis (body temperature, activity level, wakefulness).[3]

Pancreatic polypeptide

Peptide

Pancreas

Self-regulation of pancreatic secretions (endocrine and exocrine). It also affects hepatic glycogen levels and gastrointestinal secretions.

Parathyroid hormone

Peptide

parathyroid gland

increase blood Ca2+:

·         indirectly stimulate osteoclasts

·         Ca2+ reabsorption in kidney

·         activate vitamin D

(Slightly) decrease blood phosphate:

·         (decreased reuptake in kidney but increased uptake from bones

·         activate vitamin D )

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide

Peptide

multiple

Stimulates enterochromaffin-like cells

Prolactin

(or leuteotropic hormone)

Peptide

anterior pituitaryuterus

milk production in mammary glands
sexual gratification after sexual acts

Prolactin-releasing hormone

Peptide

hypothalamus

Release prolactin from anterior pituitary

Relaxin

Peptide

Corpus luteumUterusplacenta, and Mammary gland

Unclear in humans

Renin

Peptide

Kidney

Activates the renin–angiotensin system by producing angiotensin I of angiotensinogen

Secretin

Peptide

duodenum

Secretion of bicarbonate from liverpancreas and duodenal Brunner’s glands

Enhances effects of cholecystokinin Stops production of gastric juice

Somatostatin

(or growth hormone–inhibiting hormone or

growth hormone release–inhibiting hormone or

somatotropin release–inhibiting factor or somatotropin release–inhibiting hormone)

Peptide

hypothalamusislets of Langerhansgastrointestinal system

Inhibit release of GH and TRH from anterior pituitary
Suppress release of gastrincholecystokinin (CCK), secretinmotilinvasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), enteroglucagon in gastrointestinal system
Lowers rate of gastric emptying

Reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine[4]
Inhibit release of insulin from beta cells[5]
Inhibit release of glucagon from alpha cells[5]
Suppress the exocrine secretory action of pancreas.

Thrombopoietin

Peptide

liverkidneystriated muscle

produce platelets[6]

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

(or thyrotropin)

Peptide

anterior pituitary

secrete thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Peptide

hypothalamus

Release thyroid-stimulating hormone (primarily)
Stimulate prolactin release

Vasoactive intestinal peptide

Peptide

gutpancreas, and suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus

stimulates contractility in the heart, causes vasodilation, increases glycogenolysis, lowers arterial blood pressure and relaxes the smooth muscle of trachea, stomach and gall bladder

Guanylin

Peptide

gut

regulates electrolyte and water transport in intestinal epithelia.

Uroguanylin

Peptide

renal tissues

regulates electrolyte and water transport in renal epithelia.

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